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Solvent
A solvent is a substance that dissolves a solute, resulting in a solution. A solvent is usually a liquid but can also be a solid, a gas, or a supercritical fluid.Water is an universal solvent . There are two types of categories of solvents Protic and Aprotic in the sense of reactivity angle. Also other categories include organic and aqueous basis molecule constituents.
Solvent physical properties
1. Water:
- Molecular Formula: H2O
- Molecular Weight: 18.015 g/mol
- Density: 1000 kg/m³
- Viscosity: 0.001 Pa·s
- Boiling Point: 100°C (373.15 K)
- Freezing Point: 0°C (273.15 K)
- Sensible Heat: 4.186 J/g·K
- Latent Heat of Vaporization: 2260 kJ/kg
- Solubility in Water: Miscible
- Miscibility: Miscible with many substances
- Water Solubility: Fully miscible
- Solvent Type: Protic solvent
2. Methanol:
- Molecular Formula: CH3OH
- Molecular Weight: 32.04 g/mol
- Density: 792 kg/m³
- Viscosity: 0.0006 Pa·s
- Boiling Point: 64.7°C (337.85 K)
- Freezing Point: -77.6°C
- Sensible Heat: 2.51 J/g·K
- Latent Heat of Vaporization: 1105 kJ/kg
- Solubility in Water: Miscible
- Miscibility: Miscible with water and many organic solvents
- Water Solubility: Fully miscible
- Solvent Type: Aprotic solvent
3. Ethanol:
- Molecular Formula: C2H5OH
- Molecular Weight: 46.07 g/mol
- Density: 789 kg/m³
- Viscosity: 0.0012 Pa·s
- Boiling Point: 78.37°C (351.52 K)
- Freezing Point: -114.1°C (159.05 K)
- Sensible Heat: 2.44 J/g·K
- Latent Heat of Vaporization: 841 kJ/kg
- Solubility in Water: Miscible
- Miscibility: Miscible with water and many organic solvents
- Water Solubility: Fully miscible
- Solvent Type: Aprotic solvent
4. Ethyl Acetate:
- Molecular Formula: C4H8O2
- Molecular Weight: 88.11 g/mol
- Density: 902 kg/m³
- Viscosity: 0.427 mPa·s
- Boiling Point: 77.1°C (350.25 K)
- Freezing Point: -83.6°C (189.55 K)
- Sensible Heat: 2.04 J/g·K
- Latent Heat of Vaporization: 398 kJ/kg
- Solubility in Water: 8.3 g/L (at 25°C)
- Miscibility: Partially miscible with water
- Water Solubility: Partially soluble
- Solvent Type: Aprotic solvent
5. Methylene Chloride (Dichloromethane) MDC:
- Molecular Formula: CH2Cl2
- Molecular Weight: 84.93 g/mol
- Density: 1328 kg/m³
- Viscosity: 0.44 mPa·s
- Boiling Point: 39.75°C (312 K)
- Freezing Point: -96.7°C (176.45 K)
- Sensible Heat: 0.85 J/g·K
- Latent Heat of Vaporization: 467 kJ/kg
- Solubility in Water: 1.325 g/L (at 25°C)
- Miscibility: Immiscible with water
- Water Solubility: Insoluble
- Solvent Type: Aprotic solvent
6. Acetone:
- Molecular Formula: C3H6O
- Molecular Weight: 58.08 g/mol
- Density: 789 kg/m³
- Viscosity: 0.32 mPa·s
- Boiling Point: 56.1°C (329.25 K)
- Freezing Point: -94.8°C (178.35 K)
- Sensible Heat: 2.15 J/g·K
- Latent Heat of Vaporization: 509 kJ/kg
- Solubility in Water: Miscible
- Miscibility: Miscible with water and many organic solvents
- Water Solubility: Fully miscible
- Solvent Type: Aprotic solvent
7. Isopropyl Alcohol (2-Propanol):
- Molecular Formula: C3H8O
- Molecular Weight: 60.10 g/mol
- Density: 785 kg/m³
- Viscosity: 2.45 mPa·s
- Boiling Point: 82.6°C (355.75 K)
- Freezing Point: -89.5°C (183.65 K)
- Sensible Heat: 2.45 J/g·K
- Latent Heat of Vaporization: 679 kJ/kg
- Solubility in Water: Miscible
- Miscibility: Miscible with water and many organic solvents
- Water Solubility: Fully miscible
- Solvent Type: Aprotic solvent
8. Toluene:
- Molecular Formula: C7H8
- Molecular Weight: 92.14 g/mol
- Density: 866 kg/m³
- Viscosity: 0.589 mPa·s
- Boiling Point: 110.6°C (383.75 K)
- Freezing Point: -95°C (178.15 K)
- Sensible Heat: 1.39 J/g·K
- Latent Heat of Vaporization: 383 kJ/kg
- Solubility in Water: 0.52 g/L (at 20°C)
- Miscibility: Immiscible with water
- Water Solubility: Insoluble
- Solvent Type: Aprotic solvent
9. Dimethyl Carbonate:
- Molecular Formula: C3H6O3
- Molecular Weight: 90.08 g/mol
- Density: 1041 kg/m³
- Viscosity: 0.657 mPa·s
- Boiling Point: 90.3°C (363.45 K)
- Freezing Point: -50.5°C (222.65 K)
- Sensible Heat: 2.33 J/g·K
- Latent Heat of Vaporization: 329 kJ/kg
- Solubility in Water: 46 g/L (at 20°C)
- Miscibility: Partially miscible with water
- Water Solubility: Partially soluble
- Solvent Type: Aprotic solvent
10. Dimethyl Formamide (DMF):
- Molecular Formula: C3H7NO
- Molecular Weight: 73.09 g/mol
- Density: 944 kg/m³
- Viscosity: 0.948 mPa·s
- Boiling Point: 153°C (426.15 K)
- Freezing Point: -61°C (212.15 K)
- Sensible Heat: 2.42 J/g·K
- Latent Heat of Vaporization: 463 kJ/kg
- Solubility in Water: Miscible
- Miscibility: Miscible with water and many organic solvents
- Water Solubility: Fully miscible
- Solvent Type: Aprotic solvent
11. Dimethyl Sulfoxide (DMSO):
- Molecular Formula: C2H6OS
- Molecular Weight: 78.13 g/mol
- Density: 1106 kg/m³
- Viscosity: 1.99 mPa·s
- Boiling Point: 189°C (462.15 K)
- Freezing Point: 18.4°C (291.55 K)
- Sensible Heat: 2.41 J/g·K
- Latent Heat of Vaporization: 352 kJ/kg
- Solubility in Water: Miscible
- Miscibility: Miscible with water and many organic solvents
- Water Solubility: Fully miscible
- Solvent Type: Aprotic solvent
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